Nikolai II Aleksandrovich Romanov　is the last Czar of the Russian Empire. The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War downgraded the prestige of Nikolai II and it triggered the Russian revolution breaking out during the First World War. Nikolai was shot to death by the new Government in 1918 (7th year of Taisho) after the revolution. He died at the age of 50.
　The Japan Center for Asian Historical Records retains the materials relating to Nikolai II.

As for underlined characters in the texts or chronological tables, small type is linked with related materials and bold-faced type is linked with the glossary, respectively.

Year Occurrence
1868 (4th year of Keio) Born in Tsarskoe Selo, Russia.
1891 (24th year of Meiji)）

Injured in an assassination attempt (Otsu Incident).
　Nikolai, then Prince of Russia, visited Japan and was slashed and injured by a policeman named Tsuda Sanzo standing on guard in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture. This incident shocked the Japanese government.
(Pages 314 to 316, Volume 2 of Japanese pocket edition of "Saka no ue no Kumo")

Title: Otsu Incident, Communication of various offices of the government
 Reference code: A03023043300
　This is the official document recording the initial report of the incident sent to the ministers of the Cabinet right after the attempted assassination incident of the Russian Prince.
(Source: National Archives of Japan (NAJ))

1894 (27th year of Meiji)

Married with Princess Aleks (Aleksandra, Alexandra, Alix), daughter of Grand Duke of Hessen.
Ascended the throne of the Russian Emperor (coronation ceremony).

Title: His Highness Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanaru traveling to Russia in order to attend the coronation ceremony of Russian Emperor.
 Reference code: C03030963700
　This is the official document communicated by the Ministry of Imperial Household to the Ministry of War concerning the itinerary of the trip of Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanaru traveling to Russia to attend the coronation ceremony of Nikolai II.
(Source: National Institute for Defense Studies, Ministry of Defense)

1895 (28th year of Meiji)

Engaged in the Triple Intervention.を行う
　ust after the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty, France, Germany and Russia demanded Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula to Qing. Japan accepted this demand and returned the Liaodong Peninsula to Qing.
(Pages 113 to 115, Volume 3 of Japanese pocket edition of "Saka no ue no Kumo")

Title: The intervention by the three countries, Russia, Germany and France (Kenkenroku memoir)
Reference code: B03030024800
　Mutsu Munemitsu, the then Foreign Minister, recorded the particulars of the negotiations with France, Germany and Russia.
(Source: Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)

1904 (37th year of Meiji)

The Russian Empire declared war
against Japan. 　The Russian Empire officially declared the war against Japan on February 10, 1904 after a series of attacks by the Japanese forces.
(Pages 227 to 229, Volume 3 of Japanese pocket edition of "Saka no ue no Kumo")

Title: Review of the Russo-Japanese War by the Times (1)
 Reference code: A03023681000
　As of February 10, the Times of Britain carried an article in detail on the war situations of the Russo-Japanese War.
(Source: National Archives of Japan (NAJ))

1905 (38th year of Meiji)

Concluded the Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty (Portsmouth Treaty).
　Successive defeats of the Russian army downgraded the prestige of Nikolai II. Subsequently, anti-government movements continued to spread in Russia.
(Pages 269 to 270, Volume 8 of Japanese pocket edition of "Saka no ue no Kumo")

Title: Miscellanies of domestic affairs in each country: Part of Russia
 Reference code: B03050938700
　Japanese diplomats stationed in Europe reported on the worsening circumstances of Russian domestic affairs after the termination of the Russo-Japanese War.
(Source: Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)

1914 (3rd year of Taisho) Outbreak of the First World War
1917 (6th year of Taisho) Dethroned as Czar due to the outbreak of the February Revolution.
1918 (7th year of Taisho)

He was shot to death by the Soviet Government at the age of 50

Title: A file of telegrams of information on Russia received from the Japanese diplomatic establishments abroad
 Reference code: B03051128700
　Ambassador Chinda in London sent a report to the Foreign Minister concerning the announcement of the Soviet Government on shooting Nikolai II to death.
(Source: Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)